Selecting the Appropriate Pressure Tank
Choosing the right pressure tank is crucial for optimal well water performance. Several factors influence this selection, including:
1. Tank Capacity
The tank’s capacity determines how much pressurized water is available. It should be large enough to meet peak demand during periods of high water usage, while also being small enough to avoid excessive cycling and premature wear on the pump.
2. Pre-charge Pressure
Pre-charge pressure is the initial pressure set inside the pressure tank when it’s empty. It serves two purposes:
a) Maintaining Pressure Balance: Pre-charge pressure prevents the pump from short-cycling by ensuring the tank contains a cushion of pressurized air. This air compresses and expands as water is added or removed, stabilizing the system’s pressure.
b) Reducing Waterlogging: A proper pre-charge pressure helps keep the tank from becoming waterlogged, where the air pocket becomes too small and the tank fills almost completely with water. Waterlogging can shorten the tank’s lifespan and reduce water quality.
The pre-charge pressure should be approximately 2 psi less than the pump’s cut-in pressure. This ensures that the pump turns on when enough water has been used to create a demand for more pressurized water.
3. Operating Pressure Range
The pressure tank’s operating pressure range should match that of the well pump. The pump’s cut-in pressure should be higher than the tank’s pre-charge pressure, while its cut-out pressure should be 10-20 psi higher than the pump’s cut-in pressure.
| Tank Capacity | Pre-Charge Pressure | Operating Pressure Range |
|---|---|---|
| 20-40 gallons | 5-15 psi | 40-60 psi |
| 50-100 gallons | 10-25 psi | 60-80 psi |
| 120-270 gallons | 15-35 psi | 80-100 psi |
Installing the Pressure Switch
The pressure switch is a key component of your pressure tank, and it’s responsible for turning the pump on and off to maintain the desired water pressure in your home. Installing the pressure switch is a relatively simple process, but it’s important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully to ensure that it’s done correctly.
Materials You’ll Need
- Pressure switch
- Wrench
- Teflon tape
- Electrical tape
Steps
- Disconnect the power to the pump.
- Locate the pressure switch and turn it off.
- Remove the old pressure switch and install the new one. Be sure to use Teflon tape on the threads to prevent leaks.
- Connect the electrical wires to the pressure switch. The wiring diagram should be provided with the pressure switch.
- Turn on the power to the pump and check for leaks.
Additional Tips
- If you’re not comfortable installing the pressure switch yourself, it’s best to hire a licensed electrician.
- Be sure to check the manufacturer’s instructions for the specific pressure switch you’re installing.
- If you have any questions or concerns, don’t hesitate to contact a professional.
Connecting the Well Pump
Connect the well pump to the pressure tank using the following steps:
1. Gather Materials
To begin, gather the necessary materials, including a well pump, pressure tank, fittings, sealant tape, and a wrench.
2. Check Pressure Switch Settings
Before connecting, check the pressure switch settings on the pressure tank. The cut-on pressure should be 2-3 PSI lower than the pump’s maximum pressure.
3. Connect Well Pump to Tank
Connect the well pump’s discharge pipe to the pressure tank’s designated inlet port using a fitting and sealant tape. Ensure the connection is secure.
4. Electrical Wiring
Connect the electrical wires as follows:
| Wire Color | Connection |
|---|---|
| Red | Pump motor terminal |
| Black | Pressure switch terminal marked “Line” |
| White | Pressure switch terminal marked “Load” |
| Green/Yellow | Grounding wire |
| Water Usage | Recommended Pressure Range (psi) |
|---|---|
| Low (e.g., single-family home) | 40-60 |
| Medium (e.g., multi-family building) | 60-80 |
| High (e.g., commercial application) | 80-100 |
Testing the Pressure Tank
Once the pressure tank is installed, it’s important to test it to make sure it’s working properly. Here’s a step-by-step guide on testing your pressure tank:
1. Turn on the water supply to the pressure tank and turn on the pump.
Let the tank fill with water until the pressure reaches the predetermined cut-off pressure. The tank should hold this pressure for a few minutes.
2. Check the pressure gauge.
The pressure gauge should read the same as the cut-off pressure. If the pressure is lower, there may be a leak in the system.
3. Open a faucet in the house and let the water run.
The pressure should drop as the water flows out of the tank. When the pressure reaches the lower pressure set point, the pump should turn on and fill the tank with water again.
4. Check the flow rate.
The flow rate should be consistent and meet the demands of your household. If the flow rate is low, there may be a problem with the pump or the size of the pressure tank.
5. Check for leaks.
Inspect the pressure tank and all the connections for leaks. If you find any leaks, tighten the connections or replace the faulty parts.
6. The Cut-In and Cut-Out Pressures
These pressures determine how the pump operates and are usually factory set. However, they can be adjusted to meet the specific needs of your water system.
The most common method for adjusting these pressures requires a pressure switch like the one shown in this PDF. Pressure switches have adjustable springs that, when correctly set, ensure the pump turns on (“cut-in”) at the correct pressure and turns off (“cut-out”) at the correct higher pressure.
Below is a table to help explain how to set up the pressure switch:
| Set Pressure | Turn Adjustment Screw |
|---|---|
| Cut-In | Clockwise for lower pressure, counterclockwise for higher pressure |
| Cut-Out | Clockwise for higher pressure, counterclockwise for lower pressure |
Troubleshooting Common Issues
7. Troubleshooting Water Hammer
Water hammer is a loud noise that occurs when water flowing through pipes is suddenly stopped. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
- A faulty pressure tank
- A closed or partially closed valve
- A leak in the water supply line
- A loose or damaged water heater
- A water-saving device, such as a low-flow showerhead or faucet aerator
To troubleshoot water hammer, you can try the following steps:
- Check the pressure tank to make sure it is properly sized and inflated.
- Check all valves to make sure they are fully open.
- Inspect the water supply line for any leaks.
- Check the water heater to make sure it is securely fastened and not damaged.
- Remove any water-saving devices that may be causing the problem.
- If the problem persists, you may need to call a plumber for assistance.
| Symptom | Possible Cause |
|---|---|
| Water hammer | Faulty pressure tank, closed or partially closed valve, leak in water supply line, loose or damaged water heater, water-saving device |
Maintenance and Inspection Guidelines
Regular maintenance and inspection are crucial for ensuring the longevity and optimal performance of your pressure tank. Follow these guidelines to keep your tank in top shape:
1. Annual Inspections
Once a year, visually inspect your tank for any leaks, corrosion, or damage. Check the pressure gauge and relief valve to ensure proper operation. Clean the tank’s exterior to remove any debris or dirt.
2. Pressure Gauge Calibration
Calibrate the pressure gauge every few years or as recommended by the manufacturer. An inaccurate gauge can lead to over-pressurization or under-pressurization, affecting the tank’s performance.
3. Relief Valve Check
Test the relief valve annually by lifting its lever. Water should discharge momentarily, indicating proper operation. If the valve fails to open, replace it immediately.
4. Bladder Inspection
If your tank has a bladder, periodically inspect it for signs of damage or deterioration. Replace the bladder according to the manufacturer’s recommendations to prevent contamination or failure.
5. Sediment Removal
Drain the sediment from the tank regularly, especially if your water source is high in minerals. Sediment accumulation can clog the tank and reduce its efficiency.
6. Electrical Connections
Check the electrical connections to the pump and switch regularly to ensure proper contact and prevent electrical hazards.
7. Winterization
In cold climates, winterize your pressure tank by draining all water and disconnecting the power supply to prevent freezing and damage.
8. Water Quality Monitoring
Monitor the water quality regularly for any changes in taste, odor, or clarity. If water quality issues arise, contact a qualified water treatment specialist to determine the cause and recommend solutions. Inspect your pressure tank regularly to ensure it is not contributing to water contamination.
Additional Considerations for Efficient Tank Operation
Proper installation and functionality of a pressure tank are key to a reliable water supply. Beyond the basic steps outlined earlier, there are additional considerations to enhance tank operation efficiency.
1. Tank Sizing:
Select a tank size appropriate for the desired water flow rate and demand. An oversized tank can result in stagnant water and bacterial growth, while an undersized tank may lead to insufficient water pressure.
2. Pre-Charge Pressure:
The pre-charge pressure is the initial air pressure in the tank. It should be 2-5 psi below the cut-in pressure of the pump. Incorrect pre-charge pressure can impact the efficiency of the tank operation and pump.
3. Cycle Rate:
The cycle rate refers to how often the pump turns on and off. A high cycle rate can indicate a problem with the tank or pump, potentially leading to premature component failure.
4. Water Temperature:
High water temperatures can accelerate corrosion and reduce the lifespan of the tank. Ensure the tank is installed in a cool, well-insulated location.
5. Inspection and Maintenance:
Regularly inspect the tank for leaks, corrosion, or sediment buildup. Drain and flush the tank once or twice a year to remove sediment and maintain water quality.
6. Pump Compatibility:
Ensure the pressure tank is compatible with the specific pump model you are using. Different pumps have different pressure requirements and may require specific tank capacities.
7. Water Quality:
The presence of sediment, iron, or other contaminants in the water can affect tank performance. Consider installing a water filtration system upstream of the tank to improve water quality.
8. Electrical Connections:
Ensure all electrical connections are securely tightened to prevent pump malfunctions and potential electrical hazards.
9. Air Control Valve:
The air control valve regulates the air pressure in the tank. Regular inspection and adjustment of the valve may be necessary to maintain proper tank function.
10. Tank Positioning:
The tank should be positioned upright with the air inlet valve at the top. Install it on a stable surface to prevent vibrations and potential damage. A minimum clearance of 6 inches around the tank is recommended for proper air flow and maintenance access.
